There is increasing interest in the link between our diets and modern health problems such as obesity and diabetes. A number of researchers in the emerging field of evolutionary medicine have argued that these health problems are due to a mismatch between the hunter-gatherer diets we are perhaps best adapted to (‘Palaeolithic’ diets) and our current, post-agricultural diets (‘Neolithic’ diets). This talk will summarise these arguments, and then present the actual archaeological evidence (especially from bioarchaeological methods such as isotope analysis) for how our diets have evolved over the past four million years."